This paper describes a pilot study, which used six measurements of spectral tilt (h1-h2, h1-F1, h1-F2, h1+h2/2-F1, h1-F3, F2-F3) to determine whether Livonian stød was associated with any non-modal phonation, specifically creaky voice.

ESUKA / JEFUL. Special issue “Studies on Livonian III”. 2018.

Full article: Uldis Balodis, Non-modal phonation associated with stød vowels in Livonian [ESUKA – JEFUL 2018, 9–2]